Glutamate metabolism
Glutamate and glutamine are non-essential amino acids in both Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium falciparum as in humans, whereas glutamine is an essential amino acid utilised from host in Piroplasma species. This is because glutamine synthetase ezyme which catalyses glutamate to glutamine conversion is absent in these Piroplasma species. The favourable ecological niches of these parasites within hosts and the absence of parasitophorous vacuoles provide these parasites with the advantage of their ability to fulfil several amino acid requirements including asparagine, glutamine and proline from the host. The activity of aspartate transaminase enzyme of this pathway was assayed by Kiama et al in Theileria parva schizont and transamination of oxaloacetate with glutamate plays an important role in the carbon metabolism of this parasite [1].
Enzyme | EC Number | Gene id |
---|---|---|
Glutamate dehydrogenase (NAD-specific) | 1.4.1.2 | BBOV_III009680 |
Glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP-specific) | 1.4.1.4 | BBOV_IV010390 |
Glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase | 2.3.2.5 | BBOV_IV003560 |
Aspartate transaminase | 2.6.1.1 | BBOV_III010960 |
Hexosephosphate aminotransferase | 2.6.1.16 | BBOV_IV000250 |
Glutamyl-tRNA synthetase | 6.1.1.17 | BBOV_III011840 |
Glutamyl-tRNA synthetase | 6.1.1.17 | BBOV_IV010640 |
Glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase | 6.1.1.18 | BBOV_III006400 |
gamma-Glutamylcysteine synthetase | 6.3.2.2 | BBOV_I002580 |
Carbamoyl-phosphate synthase Glu synthesizing | 6.3.5.5 | BBOV_III003590 |
Glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase | 6.3.5.7 | BBOV_I001000 |
List of genes annotated as tRNA-Glu in B. bovis genome
BBOV_III010330 | BBOV_III010370 | BBOV_V000480 |
List of genes annotated as tRNA-Gln in B. bovis genome
BBOV_I002020 | BBOV_II004910 | BBOV_V000240 |
Sources and fates of metabolites
Substrate | Source pathways | Product | Fate pathways |
---|---|---|---|
D-Fructose-6P | Glycolysis | Oxaloacetate | Pyruvate metabolism, Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle |
Glutamine | Host | 2-oxoglutarate | Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle |
gamma-glutamylcysteine | Redox metabolism | ||
Glucosamine-6P | Aminosugars metabolism | ||
Carbamoyl-P | Pyrimidine metabolism |
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